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Family Violence:
Department of Justice Canada Overview paper

Endnotes

  • [1] Intimate partner violence is violence that a woman or man may experience at any time during an intimate relationship. This includes from the time two people become interested in and involved with one another; as the relationship develops; while it is breaking down; or after it has ended. Dating violence is also a form of intimate partner violence. See "Dating Violence Overview Paper" for more information. JHG Consulting, "Intimate Partner Violence Training", (Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada project, 2005). Module 1.
  • [2] Other forms of abuse, such as sibling abuse, parent abuse, and ritual abuse, have also been explored.
  • [3] Assault and unlawful confinement arecriminal offences in Canada.
  • [4] For further information about female genital mutilation, see World Health Organization, "Female genital mutilation", and UNICEF, "Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse: female genital mutilation/cutting".
  • Female genital mutilation is a crime in Canada under section 268 of the Criminal Code of Canada and has serious health consequences. See C. Wekerle and D.A. Wolfe, "Child Maltreatment", Chapter 14 in Child Psychopathology, edited by E.J. Mash and R.A. Barkey, 2nd ed. (New York: Guildford Press, 2003 [see confirm date note in master list]).
  • [5] Sexual assault and sexual exploitation are criminal offences in Canada.
  • [6] Kathleen Coulborn Faller, Understanding and Assessing Child Sexual Maltreatment (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003): 19-21.
  • [7] See, for example, information on date rape drugs from the University of Calgary.
  • [8] See section 273.1 of the Criminal Code of Canada.
  • [9] A single incident that is overtly threatening may be considered criminal harassment. See Department of Justice Canada, Stalking is a Crime Called Criminal Harassment (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2003).
  • [10] See Statistics Canada, Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005. (Ottawa: Minister Responsible for Statistics Canada—Minister of Industry Canada, 2005). Department of Justice Canada. A Handbook for Police and Crown Prosecutors on Criminal Harassment. 2nd ed. (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004): 1; Department of Justice Canada. Stalking is a Crime Called Criminal Harassment (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2003).
  • [11] Theft, fraud, forgery and extortion are criminal offences in Canada.
  • [12] Withholding the necessities of life, such as money to buy food or medical treatment, is a criminal offence in Canada.
  • [13] Withholding the necessities of life, such as money to buy food or medical treatment, is a criminal offence in Canada.
  • [14] Contacts for local child welfare agency can be found in local telephone books or through the Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare.
  • [15] See Committee on Sexual Offences Against Children and Youth, Sexual Offences Against Children in Canada: Report of the Committee on Sexual Offences Against Children and Youth [the Badgley Report] (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1984).
  • [16] See Karen Rodgers, "Wife assault: The findings of a national survey", Juristat 14, 9 (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-002).
  • [17] See Canadian Panel on Violence against Women, Final Report of the Canadian Panel on Violence against Women: Changing the landscape: ending violence—achieving equality (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1993).
  • [18] See Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, The Path to Healing (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1993).
  • [19] See Nico Trocmé et al. Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect—2003: Major Findings (Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2005).
  • [20] Nico Trocmé et al. Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect—2003: Major Findings (Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2005) 1.
  • [21] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 XIE, 2005): 8.
  • [22] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 XIE, 2005): 8.
  • [23] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 XIE, 2005): 25-26.
  • [24] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 XIE, 2005): 20.
  • [25] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 XIE, 2005): 34-35.
  • [26] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 XIE, 2005): 73.
  • [27] The Incident-based Uniform Crime reporting (UCR2) survey in 2006 collected data from a subset of 149 police services across Canada representing approximately 90% of the Canadian population.
  • [28] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2008 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 X, 2008): 10.
  • [29] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2008 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 X, 2008): 12.
  • [30] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2008 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 X, 2008): 26.
  • [31] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2008 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 X, 2008): 27.
  • [32] Nico Trocmé et al. Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect—2003: Major Findings (Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2005): 1.
  • [33] Data from 2005 UCR2 Survey, as reported in: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2007 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No. 85-224-XIE, 2007): 32.
  • [34] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2007 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 XIE, 2007): 9.
  • [35] Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No.85-224 XIE, 2005): 60.
  • [36] Jacinthe Loubier, "A Statistical Profile of Vulnerable Canadians", JustResearch, 13 (2005): 57-61.
  • [37] See: Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Victimization and offending among the Aboriginal population in Canada (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No. 85-002 XIE, 2006); and Larry Chartrand and Celeste McKay, A Review of Research on Criminal Victimization and First Nations, Métis and Inuit Peoples 1990 to 2001 (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2006).
  • [38] Health Canada, Breaking the Links Between Poverty and Violence Against Women. Prepared by Jane Gurr, Louise Mailloux, Dianne Kinnon and Susan Doerge (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1996).
  • [39] Research has shown that individuals with disabilities experience high rates of abuse. Specific vulnerabilities may include: dependence on others for care; mobility, communications or transportation barriers; social isolation; poverty; discrimination; and specific fears about reporting abuse, e.g., institutionalization. See Public Health Agency of Canada. National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, Violence Against Women with Disabilities. Overview Paper prepared by Doris Rajan, The Roeher Institute (Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, 2004); Public Health Agency of Canada. National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, Family Violence and People with Intellectual Disabilities. Overview Paper prepared by Dick Sobsey, J.P. Das Developmental Disabilities Centre, University of Alberta (Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, 2002); Jamie C. MacDougall, Family Violence and the Deaf—Legal Education and Information Issues: A National Needs Assessment (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2000); L'Institut Roeher Institute, Harm's Way: The Many Faces of Violence and Abuse Against Persons with Disabilities (Toronto: L'Institut Roeher Institute, 1995).
  • [40] Visible minorities may experience linguistic or cultural barriers, racism, and other social and economic barriers that may increase their vulnerability to victimization. See Katrina Pacey, Assisting Immigrant and Refugee Women Abused by Their Sponsors: A Guide for Service Providers (Vancouver: B.C. Institute Against Family Violence, 2003); Ekuwa Smith, "Key elements of the homelessness experience among immigrant and refugee women", Responding to Partner Violence, National Network on Partner Violence Against Immigrant and Visible Minority Women Electronic Bulletin, 2 (2005); Ekuwa Smith, Nowhere to Turn? Responding to Partner Violence Against Immigrant and Visible Minority Women (Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development, 2004); Yasmin Jiwani, Intersecting Inequalities: Immigrant Women of Colour, Violence & Health Care, (Vancouver: Feminist Research, Education, Development & Action, 2001); Swati Shirwadkar, "Canadian Domestic Violence Policy and Indian Immigrant Women", Violence Against Women, 10, 8, (2004): 860-879; Helene Berman and Jasmin Jiwani (Eds.), In the Best Interests of the Girl Child, Phase II Report, (Ottawa: Alliance of Five Research Centres on Violence, 1999); Helene Berman and Jasmin Yiwani (Eds.), Violence Prevention and the Girl Child: Final Report, (Ottawa: Alliance of Five Research Centres on Violence, 2002).
  • [41] New immigrants and refugees may face unique vulnerabilities due to cultural and linguistic barriers, racism and other forms of discrimination; lack of access to the criminal justice system and other services and supports; and specific fears of reporting abuse, e.g., complications in immigration or sponsorship status.
  • [42] Research indicates that, as in heterosexual relationships, gays and lesbians sometimes experience abuse in their intimate relationships. Their vulnerability to abuse, however, may be increased by an overall lack of awareness of this issue, discriminatory attitudes, homophobia, lack of family support, and fear of reporting abuse in order to avoid coming out. Other factors may include poverty or serious illness. See Public Health Agency of Canada. National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, Abuse in Gay Male Relationships: A Discussion Paper. Paper prepared by Kevin Kirkland (Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, 2004); Health Canada. Abuse in Lesbian Relationships: Information and Resources. Prepared by Laurie C. Chesley, Donna MacAulay and Janice L. Ristock (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1998).
  • [43] Individuals living in rural or remote communities who experience abuse may be made more vulnerable due to the following: distance, geographic isolation, transportation or communications issues, access to/availability of services and support, confidentiality issues, community attitudes/awareness, and the insider/outsider phenomenon. See Yasmin Jiwani et al., "Rural Women and Violence: A Study of Two Communities in British Columbia." Working Document (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2000); Deborah Doherty, Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research, Making Family Violence Law Information Available to People in Rural Areas: An Inventory of Promising Practices (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2002); Michelle Aukema, "Sexual Abuse in Rural, Remote and Small Communities" in Violence in the Family—Social Work Readings and Research from Northern and Rural Canada edited by Keith Brownlee and John R. Graham (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2005); Department of Justice Canada, Research Report—The Ontario Rural Woman Abuse Study (ORWAS): Final Report. Prepared by Lori Biesenthal et al. (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2000)
  • [44] Yasmin Jiwani, Intersecting Inequalities: Immigrant Women of Colour, Violence & Health Care, (Vancouver: Feminist Research, Education, Development & Action, 2001).
  • [45] "Dislocation" means being removed from one's language, culture, family and community. Dislocation is a situation that has affected Aboriginal children who were sent to residential schools as well as immigrants and refugees to Canada.
  • [46] "Colonization" is "that process of encroachment and subsequent subjugation of Aboriginal peoples since the arrival of Europeans. From the Aboriginal perspective, it refers to loss of lands, resources, and self-direction and to the severe disturbance of cultural ways and values." Source: Emma D. LaRoque "Violence in Aboriginal Communities" in The Path to Healing with permission from the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (Ottawa: Health Canada, 1994): 73.
  • [47] Statistics Canada. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2000 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No: 85-224, 2000): 27; Harbison, 1999, as cited in Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2002 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada; Cat. No: 85-224, 2002): 27.
  • [48] Law Commission of Canada, "Restoring Dignity: Responding to Child Abuse in Canadian Institutions." The International Journal of Human Rights 10, 3 (January 2002): 295-302.
  • [49] Michael Bopp, Judie Bopp and Phil Lane, Four Worlds Centre for Development Learning, Aboriginal Domestic Violence in Canada (Ottawa: The Aboriginal Healing Foundation, 2003); Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada, Applying Inuit Cultural Approaches in the Prevention of Family Violence and Abuse. Research Report for the National Inuit Abuse Prevention Strategy (Ottawa: Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada, 2005); Native Women's Association of Canada, Sisters in Spirit Initiative.
  • [50] Dr. John H. Hylton et al., Aboriginal Sexual Offending in Canada (Ottawa: The Aboriginal Healing Foundation; the Law Commission of Canada, 2002). Restoring Dignity: Responding to Child Abuse in Canadian Institutions (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2000): 51-70. Michael Bopp, Judie Bopp and Phil Lane, Four Worlds Centre for Development Learning, Aboriginal Domestic Violence in Canada (Ottawa: The Aboriginal Healing Foundation, 2003); Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada, Applying Inuit Cultural Approaches in the Prevention of Family Violence and Abuse. Research Report for the National Inuit Abuse Prevention Strategy (Ottawa: Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada, 2005).
  • [51] Michael Bopp, Judie Bopp and Phil Lane, Four Worlds Centre for Development Learning, Aboriginal Domestic Violence in Canada (Ottawa: The Aboriginal Healing Foundation, 2003): ix-xi.
  • [52] Health Canada, The Consequences of Child Maltreatment: A Reference Guide for Health Practitioners. Prepared by Jeff Latimer (Ottawa: Health Canada, 1998).
  • [53] Health Canada, A Handbook for Health and Social Service Providers and Educators on Children Exposed to Woman Abuse/Family Violence. Prepared by Marlies Suderman and Peter Jaffe (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1999): 1.
  • See also: Peter G. Jaffe, Linda L. Baker and Alison J. Cunningham, eds. Protecting Children from Domestic Violence: Strategies for Community Intervention (New York: The Guilford Press, 2004); Agar, Sharon, Interventions for Children Who Witness Intimate Partner Violence: A Literature Review (Vancouver: The British Columbia Institute Against Family Violence, 2004); Kai-Lee Klymchuk, Mary Cooper and Katrina Pacey, Children Exposed to Partner Violence: An Overview of Key Issues (Vancouver: The British Columbia Institute Against Family Violence, 2002); Linda L. Baker et al. "Potential Impacts of Domestic Violence at Different Developmental Stages", in Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: A Handbook for Police Trainers to Increase Understanding and Improve Community Responses (London, ON: Centre for Children and Families in the Justice System, 2002).
  • [54] Lorraine Greaves and Olena Hankivsky, Selected Estimates of the Costs of Violence Against Women (London, Ontario: Centre for Research on Violence Against Women and Children, 1995):2. See also: Ambrose Leung, The Cost of Pain and Suffering from Crime in Canada (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2004).
  • [55] Law Commission of Canada. The Economic Costs and Consequences of Child Abuse in Canada. Prepared by Audra Bowlus, Katharine McKenna, Tanis Day and David Right (Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada, 2003).
Date Modified: 2011-12-01

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