Disproportionate Harm: Hate Crime in Canada

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 Purpose of Report
  • 1.2 The Issue of Disproportionate Harm
  • 1.3 Victims' Rights and Responses
• 2. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
  • 2.1 Hate Crimes: The Problem of Definition
  • 2.2 Hate Crime Definitions in Other Jurisdictions
    • 2.2.1 United Kingdom
    • 2.2.2 United States
  • 2.3 Hate/Bias Crime Definitions used in Canada
  • 2.4 Towards a Uniform Definition
  • 2.5 Relationship between Hate Crime Definitions and the Sentencing Reform
  • 2.6 Limitations on Official Hate Crime Statistics
    • 2.6.1 Unreported Crimes
      • 2.6.1.1 Reporting Rates of Hate Crimes in Other Jurisdictions
    • 2.6.2 Classification Problems
  • 2.7 Data Sources
• 3. FINDINGS
  • 3.1 Hate Crimes in Other Jurisdictions
    • 3.1.1 United States
    • 3.1.2 United Kingdom
      • 3.1.2.1 British Crime Survey (BCS)
  • 3.2 Canada
    • 3.2.1 Hate Crime Statistics Recorded by the Police
      • 3.2.1.1 Toronto
      • 3.2.1.2 Police de la Communauté urbaine de Montréal
      • 3.2.1.3 Ottawa
      • 3.2.1.4 Ontario Provincial Police
      • 3.2.1.5 Sûreté du Québec
      • 3.2.1.6 City of Halifax Police Department
      • 3.2.1.7 Edmonton Police Service
      • 3.2.1.8 Other Police Agencies
    • 3.2.2 Aggregate Trends
      • 3.2.2.1 B'nai Brith Data
      • 3.2.2.2 Hate Crimes Directed at Gays and Lesbians
• 4. DISCUSSION
  • 4.1 Hate Crime Statistics: Data Collection Issues
  • 4.2 Advantages of Collecting National Data
    • 4.2.1 Consistency
    • 4.2.2 Recognition of Harm
    • 4.2.3 Integrating Different Components of the Criminal Justice System
    • 4.2.4 Ensuring That All Target Groups are Covered
    • 4.2.5 Utility to Local Communities
    • 4.2.6 Following Best Practices Elsewhere
  • 4.3 Disadvantages of National Collection
    • 4.3.1 Resources
    • 4.3.2 Duplication
  • 4.4 National Integration of Hate Crime Statistics
    • 4.4.1 Encourage Different Groups to Collect Their Own Statistics
    • 4.4.2 Special Studies Approach
    • 4.4.3 Modifying the Revised Uniform Crime Reporting System
  • 4.5 United States Hate Crime Statistics Act
  • 4.6 Canadian Hate Crime Statistics Act (Proposed)
  • 4.7 Classification of Hate Crimes
  • 4.8 Police Training Initiative
  • 4.9 Non-criminal Justice Agencies
  • 4.10 Research Priorities Relating to Hate Crimes
    • 4.10.1 Survey of Community Attitudes
    • 4.10.2 Victimization Surveys
    • 4.10.3 Criminal Justice Processing of Hate-motivated Crimes
    • 4.10.4 Case Law Analysis of Sentencing Decisions in Hate Crime Sentences
    • 4.10.5 Offender Profile Analysis
    • 4.10.6 Public Opinion Survey of Attitudes Towards Hate-motivated Crimes
• 5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
  • 5.1 Recommendations
  • 5.2 Conclusion
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Appendix A - Data Tables
• Appendix B - United States Hate Crimes Statistics Act
• Appendix C - Canadian Hate Crimes statistics Act (Proposed)
• Appendix D - List of Hate Crime Contact Agencies and Persons

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