Bill C-21: An Act to amend certain Acts and to make certain consequential amendments (firearms)
Tabled in House of Commons, June 21, 2022
Explanatory Note
Section 4.2 of the Department of Justice Act requires the Minister of Justice to prepare a Charter Statement for every government bill to help inform public and Parliamentary debate on government bills. One of the Minister of Justice’s most important responsibilities is to examine legislation for inconsistency with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms [“the Charter”]. By tabling a Charter Statement, the Minister is sharing some of the key considerations that informed the review of a bill for inconsistency with the Charter. A Statement identifies Charter rights and freedoms that may potentially be engaged by a bill and provides a brief explanation of the nature of any engagement, in light of the measures being proposed.
A Charter Statement also identifies potential justifications for any limits a bill may impose on Charter rights and freedoms. Section 1 of the Charter provides that rights and freedoms may be subject to reasonable limits if those limits are prescribed by law and demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society. This means that Parliament may enact laws that limit Charter rights and freedoms. The Charter will be violated only where a limit is not demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society.
A Charter Statement is intended to provide legal information to the public and Parliament on a bill’s potential effects on rights and freedoms that are neither trivial nor too speculative. It is not intended to be a comprehensive overview of all conceivable Charter considerations. Additional considerations relevant to the constitutionality of a bill may also arise in the course of Parliamentary study and amendment of a bill. A Statement is not a legal opinion on the constitutionality of a bill.
Charter Considerations
The Minister of Justice has examined Bill C-21, An Act to amend certain Acts and to make certain consequential amendments (firearms), for any inconsistency with the Charter pursuant to his obligation under section 4.1 of the Department of Justice Act. This review involved consideration of the objectives and features of the Bill.
What follows is a non-exhaustive discussion of the ways in which Bill C-21 potentially engages the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Charter. It is presented to assist in informing the public and Parliamentary debate on the Bill.
Overview
Bill C-21 proposes a number of amendments to the Criminal Code, the Firearms Act, and other federal legislation that seek to fulfill the Government of Canada’s commitments in relation to gun control and to protect Canadians from firearms-related harm.
The main Charter-protected rights and freedoms potentially engaged by the proposed measures include:
- Freedom of expression (section 2(b)) – Section 2(b) of the Charter protects freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including the open court principle. Under this principle, there is a presumption that court proceedings are open to both the public and the media.
- Right to life, liberty and security of the person (section 7) – Section 7 of the Charter guarantees to everyone the right to life, liberty and security of the person, and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. These principles include the requirement that laws which engage these rights must not be arbitrary, overbroad or grossly disproportionate. An arbitrary law is one that impacts section 7 rights in a way that is not rationally connected to the law’s purpose. An overbroad law is one that is so broad in scope that it includes some conduct that bears no relation to its purpose. A grossly disproportionate law is one whose effects on section 7 rights are so severe as to be “completely out of sync” with the law’s purpose.
- Right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure (section 8) – Section 8 of the Charter protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. The purpose of section 8 is to protect individuals from an unreasonable intrusion into a reasonable expectation of privacy by the state. A search or seizure will be reasonable if it is authorized by a law, the law itself is reasonable, in the sense of striking an appropriate balance between privacy interests and the state interest being pursued, and the search is carried out in a reasonable manner.
- Right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned (section 9) – Section 9 of the Charter guarantees to everyone the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned. The purpose of section 9 is to protect individual liberty against unlawful state interference.
- Protection against cruel and unusual treatment or punishment (section 12) – Section 12 of the Charter guarantees the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. In the context of sentencing, section 12 prohibits grossly disproportionate punishments.
For the purpose of this Statement, the amendments in the Bill have been grouped into the following categories: Criminal Code amendments, Firearms Act amendments, and Nuclear Safety and Control Act amendments.
Criminal Code Amendments
Deeming certain firearms to be prohibited devices
The Bill would deem unregulated firearms that resemble exactly or with near precision regulated firearms to be “prohibited devices” for the purposes of sections 99-101, 103-107 and 117.03 of the Criminal Code. All of these sections of the Criminal Code except section 117.03 (seizure of firearms on failure to produce authorization of lawful possession) are weapons offences that also target conduct in relation to firearms and prohibited devices. Each of these offences carry the potential for imprisonment upon conviction, including mandatory terms of imprisonment for the weapons trafficking and smuggling offences under sections 99, 100 and 103. As the effect of the deeming provision would expand the scope of criminal liability for certain firearms offences – some of which include mandatory minimum penalties – it engages the right to liberty under section 7 and the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment under section 12 of the Charter.
The following considerations support the consistency of the deeming provision with sections 7 and 12. The provision is intended to close a gap under the Criminal Code with respect to “replica firearms” that are currently prohibited from importation, exportation, transfer and sale in Canada. The current definition of replica firearms only includes lower-powered guns that exactly resemble a firearm, but are not powerful enough to meet the definition of a “firearm” under the Criminal Code, meaning that they are not capable of causing serious bodily injury or death to a person. The deeming provision would ensure that unregulated firearms that resemble exactly or with near precision regulated firearms (such as certain airguns) are also prohibited from being imported, exported, sold or transferred in Canada. The penalties for the weapons trafficking and smuggling offences, including in the case of escalating penalties for repeat offenders, recognize the seriousness of the conduct and the threat that illegally transferred or smuggled firearms, weapons and other devices pose to public safety. The newly-deemed prohibited devices pose the same public safety risks as replica firearms, particularly in time-sensitive emergency situations, given they are indistinguishable from regulated firearms and may be used to commit criminal offences. The measure would promote the important public safety objective of combating the criminal use of these devices. Individuals who currently own such devices would still be permitted to legally possess and use them, as long as it is not for the purposes of import, export, sale or transfer.
New offence of altering a cartridge magazine
The Bill would create a new offence for altering a cartridge magazine to exceed its lawful capacity without lawful excuse. A person who commits this offence could be found guilty of either: (1) an indictable offence with a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment, or (2) a summary conviction offence with a maximum penalty of $5,000 and/or imprisonment of two years less a day.
As the offence provision would provide for criminal charges and the possibility of imprisonment, it engages the right to liberty under section 7. In reviewing the provision, the Minister of Justice has not identified any potential inconsistencies of the measure with the principles of fundamental justice under section 7. The scope of the offence is tailored to its objective of reducing risks to public safety, and upon conviction a judge will have discretion to impose a fit and appropriate sentence.
Emergency prohibition orders and emergency limitations on access orders
The Bill would establish a regime to allow anyone to apply to a court for an emergency prohibition order, or an emergency limitations on access order, against another individual for public safety reasons. An emergency prohibition order would temporarily prohibit an individual from possessing firearms and other weapons (as specified in the order) where there are reasonable grounds to believe that their continued possession is not in the interests of safety, for instance due to the potential of inflicting harm to themselves or any other person. An emergency limitations on access order would impose specific terms and conditions on an individual’s possession and use of firearms and other weapons (as specified in the order) in specific circumstances. This type of order may be made where there are reasonable grounds to believe that an individual lives or associates with a person who is prohibited from possessing any firearm, ammunition or weapon, and where that person would or might have access to such weapons possessed by the individual against whom the order would be made. If granted, both types of emergency orders would take immediate effect upon the day on which the judge makes the order and last for up to a maximum period of 30 days.
The Bill would authorize the search and seizure of any thing (such as a firearm or other weapon) and related document (such as a licence or registration certificate) that is identified in the emergency orders issued by the judge. Peace officers would be permitted to search and seize such objects – either with or without a warrant – under specified circumstances. The Bill would provide that the new warrants may be applied for by means of telecommunication (“telewarrant”) under section 487.1(1) of the Criminal Code if Bill S-4, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and the Identification of Criminal Acts and to make related amendments to other Acts comes into force. The new search and search powers and telewarrant amendment have the potential to engage section 8 of the Charter.
The following considerations support the consistency of these measures with section 8. The purpose of the measures is to protect the safety of people by removing firearms and other weapons from the possession of individuals who pose a safety risk to themselves or others, and by limiting their access to firearms through a third party. Judges would have discretion to issue a search and seizure warrant for objects set out in an emergency order. There must be reasonable grounds to believe that it is against the interests of safety for the person who is the subject of an order to continue possessing such weapons, and that the weapon is in the place to be searched. Searches and seizures without a warrant would only be permitted where the grounds for obtaining a warrant under the new regimeexist, but for reasons of possible danger to the safety of a person, it would not be practical to obtain one. The powers to search and seize created by the Bill are similar to existing authorities under the Criminal Code that have previously been upheld by courts. The telewarrant amendment would maintain the requirement for judicial approval of search warrants applied for by means of telecommunication. The amendment would not change the existing requirement that there be sufficient objective grounds for the warrant to be granted.
Increase to maximum terms of imprisonment
The Bill would increase the maximum penalty of imprisonment on indictment from 10 to 14 years for weapons smuggling, trafficking, and other specified offences (under sections 95, 96, 99, 100 and 103 of the Criminal Code). The new penalty provisions have the potential to engage section 12 of the Charter, which protects against cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. The change in the maximum penalty may result in a higher sentence for an offender who commits an offence after the coming into force of the provisions than for an offender who commits an offence and is sentenced prior to the amendments coming into force.
The following factors support the consistency of the provisions with section 12. Higher maximum penalties on their own are unlikely to limit section 12 because courts retain discretion to impose proportionate sentences. While a disproportionate sentence in an individual case could be corrected on appeal, the validity of the maximum sentencing provision would not be in question.
Ex parte applications, private hearings and orders limiting access to information
The Bill would allow any person to make an ex parte application in court for an emergency prohibition order or an emergency limitations on access order (“emergency orders”). An ex parte application means that the hearing would be conducted for the benefit and in the presence of one party only (such as the applicant), without notice to or participation by any adverse party (such as the person who is the subject of the emergency order). The Bill would also provide that the emergency order hearings may be held in private if the judge considers that it is necessary to protect the security of the applicant (such as a victim of domestic violence) or anyone known to the applicant (such as a victim’s family member).
In addition, the Bill would permit a judge to make an order denying access to any information related to the emergency proceedings if the judge considers it is necessary to protect the security of the applicant or anyone known to the applicant. Based on the same standard, the judge could also make an order to delete any information that could identify the applicant or anyone known to the applicant from any court documents related to the emergency order. An order to deny access to information generally expires when the emergency order expires (maximum period of 30 days) or is revoked, unless the order to deny access to information is revoked at an earlier date. An order to delete identifying information may last for any period (definite or indefinite) that the judge considers necessary to protect the security of the person who applied for the emergency order or anyone known to the person.
The above amendments permit the exclusion of members of the public and media to court proceedings and information, and therefore engage the open court principle as protected under section 2(b) of the Charter. The following considerations support the consistency of the amendments with section 2(b). The provisions allowing for private hearings and orders limiting access to information would be subject to judicial discretion. In particular, the judge must be satisfied that the measures are necessary to protect the security of the applicant or anyone known to the applicant. For instance, a victim who applies for an emergency order may need to have their identity concealed to avoid experiencing domestic violence from the subject of the order. Discretion to limit court openness must be exercised in accordance with the Charter, which requires a proper balance to be struck between openness and any competing considerations, such as protecting the safety of victims. Furthermore, the judge may impose any terms and conditions on the orders that the judge considers desirable in the circumstances.
Firearms Act Amendments
Disclosure of information
The Bill would authorize the Commissioner of Firearms, the Registrar or a chief firearms officer to disclose certain information to law enforcement where they have reasonable grounds to suspect that an individual has committed a weapons trafficking offence, and where disclosure would be for the purpose of investigating or prosecuting that offence.
The following considerations support the consistency of the proposed amendments with section 8 of the Charter. The information that may be disclosed under the new provision is either provided by licensees or generated in the course of the administration of the Firearms Act regulatory regime, a regime that is aimed at promoting safety by reducing the misuse of firearms. The purpose of the disclosure, namely the investigation of misuse of licences under the Act, is closely tied to the original purpose for which the information was either provided or generated. Accordingly, these disclosures may not attract a reasonable expectation of privacy.
The categories of information that may be disclosed are narrowly defined, including identifying information about the individual and firearms registered to them. This does not include highly sensitive information that would be likely to attract a high expectation of privacy. Disclosure is further limited by the fact that the information could only be disclosed for the purpose of investigating or prosecuting a weapons trafficking offence that may have been committed using the individual’s licence. As well, the official disclosing the information must have a reasonable suspicion that the licence was misused before the disclosure can be made. The Bill proposes that information regarding the use of this power be included in the Commissioner’s Annual Reports to the Minister. This is an accountability measure that contributes to the transparency of the use of this power, and to its overall reasonableness.
Advertising
The Bill proposes to make it an offence for any business or certain persons involved in a business to advertise a firearm in a manner that depicts, counsels or promotes violence against a person. This prohibition is already in place as a condition of licences issued to businesses. The Bill would put this prohibition into law and make any breach an offence punishable on indictment or by way of summary proceeding. This measure has the potential to engage section 2(b) which protects freedom of expression as well as section 7 of the Charter.
The following considerations support the consistency of the proposed amendments with section 2(b). Violence, and threats of violence, fall outside the protection of section 2(b). Counselling violence can also fall outside the protection of section 2(b). To the extent that this provision may capture expression that is protected by 2(b), the fact that the expression is commercial is a relevant factor in determining whether any limits on that expression are justifiable under the Charter. Businesses that would be subject to the proposed prohibition are participants in a very tightly regulated industry selling inherently dangerous goods whose use is itself highly regulated. Further, gun violence is a persistent problem in Canada. This prohibition serves the Firearms Act's purpose of deterring the misuse of firearms, by restricting advertising that may encourage (whether directly or indirectly) the use of firearms in violence against persons. This prohibition does not prevent businesses from engaging in firearms advertising generally or from informing customers about their products.
As a breach of the offence provision by a business or person could result in criminal charges and the possibility of imprisonment, it engages the right to liberty under section 7 of the Charter. In reviewing the provision, the Minister of Justice has not identified any potential inconsistencies of the measure with the principles of fundamental justice under section 7. The scope of the offence is tailored to the objective of reducing the potential harmful consequences of firearms use, and upon conviction a judge will have discretion to impose a fit and appropriate sentence.
Protection orders and domestic violence
The Bill would provide for the automatic revocation of firearms licences of individuals who are the subject of a protection order, or whom the chief firearms officer has determined to have engaged in an act of domestic violence or stalking. The Bill would also render individuals who are the subject of a protection order ineligible for a firearms licence. The Bill would allow the chief firearms officer to issue a firearms licence to such individuals where the individual demonstrates that they need the firearm in order to hunt or trap for their family, or that the revocation results in excluding the individual from employment in the only vocation available to them. Such determinations would be made on a case by case basis.
A firearms licence revocation or refusal to issue a licence will normally not engage any Charter-protected interests. Where the revocation or refusal could deprive an individual of the ability to hunt or trap for sustenance or to engage in employment, this revocation or refusal could engage the protection against cruel and unusual treatment or punishment under section 12 of the Charter, or rights protected under section 7. The provision that would allow chief firearms officers to issue licences to individuals in such circumstances would provide flexibility to protect these interests.
Nuclear Safety and Control Act Amendments
Peace Officer Powers of Nuclear Security Officers
The Bill would expand the duties of nuclear security officers to include the preservation and maintenance of the public peace at a high-security site (defined by the Bill as “a nuclear facility where Category I nuclear material or Category II nuclear material, as those terms are defined in section 1 of the Nuclear Security Regulations, is processed, used or stored”). The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) would be authorized to designate a nuclear security officer as a peace officer (within the meaning of the Criminal Code) for the purpose of performing their duties at a high-security site and for the performance of limited off-site duties that are prescribed in the regulations, for example off-site training at a target shooting facility.
Designated nuclear security officers would not have the full range of peace officers powers set out in the Criminal Code. The Bill would limit the extent of these powers to the following:
- Verifying the identity of any individual;
- Conducting searches of individuals and things believed to pose a safety or security risk;
- Arresting without a warrant, in accordance with the Criminal Code, any individual whom the nuclear security officer: (i) finds committing an offence under the Nuclear Safety and Control Act, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA) that poses a risk to the safety or security of the site or (ii) believes on reasonable grounds has committed or is about to commit an offence under those Acts at the site; and
- Seizing any thing that the nuclear security officer has reasonable grounds to believe: (i) poses a risk to the security of the site or (ii) is in relation to an offence under the Nuclear Safety and Control Act, the Criminal Code or the CDSA that has been, is being or is about to be committed.
In addition, nuclear security officers would be permitted to use the appropriate level of force in carrying out their duties, subject to the applicable restrictions under the Criminal Code (i.e. the use of force must be necessary and based on reasonable grounds).
The new search and seizure powers have the potential to engage section 8 of the Charter. The following considerations support the consistency of these powers with section 8. The purpose of the search and seizure is to protect the security of high-security sites and the people and property within them. Privacy expectations are reduced in the tightly regulated environment of high-security sites where the compromised security of such sites could significantly impact national security, the Canadian economy, human health and the environment. Authorized seizures would be subject to a high threshold of reasonable grounds to believe in limited circumstances, such as where there is a risk to the security of high-security sites or where a criminal offence has been, is being, or will be committed on the sites. The Bill would also promote oversight over the use of the search and seizure powers by requiring that the CNSC ensure there is a public complaints process to review the conduct of nuclear security officers in performing their duties as peace officers.
The amendments to allow arrests without a warrant and to use an appropriate level of force have the potential to deprive persons of their liberty and engage section 7 of the Charter. Because arrests amount to a detention, the ability to arrest without a warrant also engages section 9 of the Charter. The following considerations support the consistency of these provisions with sections 7 and 9. The Bill would permit nuclear security officers to exercise existing peace officer powers that have been upheld by the courts in the criminal context. To safeguard liberty interests, nuclear security officers may only arrest individuals without a warrant in narrow circumstances related to the safety or security of high-security sites. Furthermore, nuclear security officers may only use the degree of force that is necessary in the circumstances and must be acting on reasonable grounds when doing so. The purpose of these provisions are to equip nuclear security officers with the necessary powers to fulfill their duties in maintaining the safety and security of high-security sites.
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