Appendix C: Third-Party Costs - An Estimation of the Economic Impact of Spousal&nbsp;Violence in Canada, 2009

Table note b

It is assumed that both parents of the victim are alive at the time of the victim's death.

Table note c

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, Table 1110022 – Family Characteristics, Families with Children, by Age of Children, Annually, V29765770.

Table note d

Sources: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, Table 1110022 – Family Characteristics, Families with Children, by Age of Children, Annually, V29765737; Milan et al. (2007). There were a total of 4,164,150 couples with children in 2009. According to Milan et al. (2007), 41.4% of families are couples with children, and 42.7% of families are couples without children. After calculations, the total number of couples is estimated at 8,459,058.

Table note e

Source: Alberta Fatal Accidents Act, R.S.A. 2000, C. F-8, S. 8. After reviewing multiple provincial legislations, the legislation from Alberta is deemed to be the most representative. Alberta's Fatal Accidents Act requires courts to award damages for grief and the loss of care, guidance, and companionship in the amounts of: $75,000 to the spouse or adult partner of the deceased person; $75,000 to the parents of the deceased person; $45,000 to each minor or unmarried/un-partnered child of the deceased person. The impact on the violent spouse/partner is not considered.

Table note f

See B.5.2, note a.

C.3 Other Persons Harmed During the Incidents

C.3.1 Health Care

Number of other persons harmed during incidents of spousal violence – spousal violence against females	39,848^{Table note a}
Number of other persons harmed during incidents of spousal violence – spousal violence against males	9,023^{Table note a}
Percentage of other persons harmed requiring physician visit – spousal violence against females	2.04%^{Table note b}
Percentage of other persons harmed requiring physician visit – spousal violence against males	0.44%^{Table note b}
Average cost of one physician visit, 2009	$55^{Table note c}
Physician visit costs for other persons harmed – spousal violence against females (39,8482.04%$55)	$44,624
Physician visit costs for other persons harmed – spousal violence against males (9,0230.44%$55)	$2,184
Percentage of other persons harmed requiring emergency department visit – spousal violence against females	5.54%^{Table note b}
Percentage of other persons harmed requiring emergency department visit – spousal violence against males	2.11%^{Table note b}
Average cost of one emergency department visit, 2009	$266^{Table note d}
Emergency department visit costs for other persons harmed – spousal violence against females (39,8485.54%$266)	$587,164
Emergency department visit costs for other persons harmed – spousal violence against males (9,0232.11%$266)	$50,653
Percentage of other persons harmed transported by ambulance – spousal violence against females	60%^{Table note d}
Percentage of other persons harmed transported by ambulance – spousal violence against males	50%^{Table note d}
Average cost of ambulance service, 2009	$590^{Table note d}
Ambulance costs for other persons harmed – spousal violence against females (39,8485.54%60%*$590)	$781,413
Ambulance costs for other persons harmed – spousal violence against males (9,0232.11%50%*$590)	$56,176
Health care costs to other persons harmed – spousal violence against females ($44,401+$587,164+$781,413)	$1,413,201
Health care costs to other persons harmed – spousal violence against males ($2,173+$50,653+$56,176)	$109,013
Total Costs to Other Persons Harmed, Health Care	$1,522,214^{Table note e}

Table note a

Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization – Main file: SEX, WGHT_PER, EXABUSE, EXVIOL, XAI_Q180, XAI_Q185, SPABUSE, CRVIOL, SAI_Q180, SAI_Q185.

Table note b

Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization – Main File: SEX, WGHT_PER, EXABUSE, EXVIOL, XAI_Q130, XAI_Q140, SPABUSE, CRVIOL, SAI_Q130, SAI_Q140. It is assumed that other individuals who were harmed or threatened during the incidents of spousal violence had the same possibility as the victims of seeking medical attention from a doctor or at hospital. Therefore, the proportions of female and male victims who required each type of medical treatment are calculated, and the results are used in this analysis of other persons harmed.

Table note c

See B.1.1.

Table note d

See B.1.2.

Table note e

Due to lack of data, acute hospitalization is not considered, and this result may therefore be a conservative estimate.

C.3.2 Productivity Losses

Number of other persons harmed during incidents of spousal violence – spousal violence against females	39,848^{Table note a}
Number of other persons harmed during incidents of spousal violence – spousal violence against males	9,023^{Table note a}
Number of other persons harmed aged 15 and under – spousal violence against females	18,099^{Table note b}
Number of other persons harmed aged 15 and under – spousal violence against males	3,068^{Table note b}
Number of other persons harmed aged 15 and up – spousal violence against females (39,848-18,099)	21,749
Number of other persons harmed aged 15 and up – spousal violence against males (9,023-3,068)	5,955
Average number of days off from normal daily activity	3^{Table note c}
Total number of days off from normal daily activity for other persons harmed – spousal violence against females (21,749*3)	65,247
Total number of days off from normal daily activity for other persons harmed – spousal violence against males (5,955*3)	17,863
Average hourly wage rate for household workers	$15.6^{Table note d}
Productivity losses to other persons harmed – spousal violence against females (65,247*$15.6)	$7,633,943
Productivity losses to other persons harmed – spousal violence against males (17,863*$15.6)	$2,089,963
Total Costs to Other Persons Harmed, Productivity Losses	$9,723,906

Total Costs to Other Persons Harmed During the Incidents
	Spousal Violence against Females	Spousal Violence against Males	Total
Health Care	$1,413,201	$109,013	$1,522,214
Productivity Losses	$7,633,943	$2,089,963	$9,723,906
Total Costs to Other Persons Harmed	$9,047,144	$2,198,975	$11,246,120

C.4 Social Service Operating Costs

C.4.1 Shelters and Transition Homes

Total operating costs of all shelters in Canada, 2009/10	$402,000,000^{Table note a}
Proportion of women in shelters seeking refuge because of spousal abuse	71%^{Table note b}
Operating costs of shelters – spousal violence against females ($402,000,000*0.71)	$285,420,000
Operating costs of shelters – spousal violence against males	$0^{Table note c}
Total Social Services Operating Costs, Shelters	$285,420,000

Table note a

Source: Statistics Canada, Transition Home Survey 2009/10. Total expenditures for the 593 shelters in operation in 2009/10 were $402 million. Some facilities did not provide expenditure information, and their expenditure information was therefore imputed.

Table note b

Source: Statistics Canada, Transition Home Survey 2009/10, Canada's Shelters for Abused Women, 2009/10. On the snapshot day of April 15, 2010, 71% of respondents reported abuse as their reason for seeking refuge.

Table note c

While some facilities may also provide accommodation for men, no information is available regarding the number of men seeking refuge and the reason of stay. In addition, the 2009 GSS reported that no male victims had sought help from shelters.

C.4.2 Crisis Lines

Number of female victims contacting crisis lines	15,046^{Table note a}
Number of male victims contacting crisis lines	229^{Table note a}
Average hourly operating cost of crisis lines	$20^{Table note b}
Average call length in hours	0.4^{Table note c}
Average number of calls made by each victim	5^{Table note d}
Operating costs of crisis lines – spousal violence against females (15046$200.4*5)	$601,854
Operating costs of crisis lines – spousal violence against males (229$200.4*5)	$9,163
Total Social Services Operating Costs, Crisis Lines	$611,017

Table note a

Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization – Main file: SEX, WGHT_PER, EXVIOL, XCS_Q115, CRVIOL, SCS_Q115.

Table note b

Job postings on http://www.charityvillage.com/ show that the annual salary of crisis line coordinators ranges from $37,011 to $46,274 (2011), equivalent to an hourly wage of $19 to $24. Other job-posting websites suggest the hourly wage ranges from $13 to $19. This report uses $20 in the estimate. Although many staff are volunteers, the wage rate can be considered as the opportunity cost. The results may be underestimates as only one employee is assumed, and many fixed costs, such as office rental or equipment purchase, are not included.

Table note c

Source: Crisis Call Centre, (Reno, Nevada, U.S.), Profile Report 2004-2005, http://www.crisiscallcenter.org/documents/04-05Profilereport.pdf. The average length of each call is 24 minutes, which is 0.4 hours.

Table note d

As all the phone calls made to crisis lines are anonymous, no official data is available regarding the number of times that each person called. However, according to anecdotal evidence from crisis line workers, people do make follow-up calls. It is assumed that, on average, each victim who contacted a crisis line made 5 calls in total.

C.4.3 Support Centres

Number of female victims visiting support centres	139,679^{Table note a}
Number of male victims visiting support centres	127,617^{Table note a}
Average hourly operating cost of support centres	$30^{Table note b}
Average number of visiting hours per victim	15^{Table note c}
Operating costs of support centres – spousal violence against females (139,679$3015)	$62,855,527
Operating costs of support centres – spousal violence against males (127,671$3015)	$57,427,718
Total Social Services Operating Costs, Support Centres	$120,283,245

C.4.4 Victim Services

Number of female victims using victim services	9,184^{Table note a}
Number of male victims using victim services	264^{Table note a}
Operating cost per victim service agency, 2007/08	$263,181^{Table note b}
Operating cost per victim service agency, 2009 (inflation adjustment)	$268,277
Total number of victim service agencies	879^{Table note c}
Total annual operating costs for victim services, 2009 ($268,277*879)	$235,815,202
Average number of victims assisted per agency	592^{Table note d}
Total number of victims assisted by victim service agencies (592*879)	520,368
Operating cost of victims service agencies per victim ($235,815,202/520,368)	$453
Operating costs of victim services – spousal violence against females ($453*9,184)	$4,161,954
Operating costs of victim services – spousal violence against males ($453*264)	$119,583
Total Social Services Operating Costs, Victim Services	$4,281,537

Table note a

Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization – Main File: SEX, WGHT_PER, EXABUSE, EXVIOL, XCS_Q185, SPABUSE, CRVIOL, SCS_Q185.

Table note b

Source: Statistics Canada, CCJS, Victim Services Survey, 2007/2008. No data is available for 2009. Data collected from 679 victim service agencies (excluding compensation programs) shows that the cost of providing formal services to victims of crime in Canada was $178.7 million in 2007/08. This amount excludes costs to administer criminal injury compensation and other financial benefits programs, and other costs not specifically related to the formal delivery of services provided to victims. The average cost was therefore $263,181 (=$178,700,000/679).

Table note c

Source: Statistics Canada, CCJS, Victim Services Survey, 2007/2008. No data is available for 2009. There were a total of 884 victim service agencies in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2008. Five of these agencies offered only criminal injuries compensation programs or other financial benefits programs to victims. Therefore, there were 879 (=884-5) victim service providers.

Table note d

Source: Statistics Canada, CCJS, Victim Services Survey, 2007/2008. No data is available for 2009. According to the survey, 686 service providers indicated that they had assisted about 406,000 victims from April 1, 2007 to March 31, 2008. Therefore, the average number of victims served by each agency was about 592 (=406,000/686).

Total Social Service Operating Costs
	Spousal Violence against Females	Spousal Violence against Males	Total
Shelters and ransition Homes	$285,420,000	$0	$285,420,000
Crisis Lines	$601,854	$9,163	$611,017
Support Centers	$62,855,527	$57,427,718	$120,283,245
Victim Services	$4,161,954	$119,583	$4,281,537
Total Social Service Operating Costs	$353,039,335	$57,556,464	$410,595,799

C.5 Losses to Employers

C.5.1 Lost Output

Lost wages to female victims due to physical injuries	$20,943,599^{Table note a}
Lost wages to male victims due to physical injuries	$12,728,087^{Table note a}
Lost wages (absence) to female victims due to mental health issues	$98,178,631^{Table note b}
Lost wages (absence) to male victims due to mental health issues	$21,434,414^{Table note b}
Total lost wages to female victims ($20,943,599+$98,178,631)	$119,122,230
Total lost wages to male victims ($12,728,087+$21,434,414)	$21,434,414
Marginal rate of return	5.2%^{Table note c}
Lost output to employers – spousal violence against females ($119,122,230*5.2%)	$6,194,356
Lost output to employers – spousal violence against males ($21,434,414*5.2%)	$1,776,450
Total Losses to Employers, Lost Output	$7,970,806

C.5.2 Tardiness and Distraction

Reeves and O'Leary-Kelly (2007) ^{Table note a}
Victims
Annual losses to employers (tardiness and distraction), female victims	$4,112
Annual losses to employers (tardiness and distraction), male victims	$4,989
Average annual income of female victim respondents	$33,426
Average annual income of the male victim respondents	$48,749
Percentage of income lost to tardiness and distraction, female victims ($4,112/$33,426)	12.3%
Percentage of income lost to tardiness and distraction, male victims ($4,989/$48,749)	10.2%
Non-victims
Annual losses to employers (tardiness and distraction), females	$3,412
Annual losses to employers (tardiness and distraction), males	$5,300
Average annual income of female respondents	$40,481
Average annual income of the male respondents	$66,277
Percentage of income lost to tardiness and distraction, females ($3,412/$40,481)	8.4%
Percentage of income lost to tardiness and distraction, males ($5,300/$66,277)	8.0%
Difference
Difference in percentage of lost productivity between victims and non victims, females (12.3%-8.4%)	3.9%
Difference in percentage of lost productivity between victims and non victims, females (10.2%-8.0%)	2.2%
Average annual income of female victims of spousal violence ( GSS), 2009	$42,645 ^{Table note b}
Average annual income of male victims of spousal violence ( GSS), 2009	$67,416 ^{Table note b}
Annual losses to employers due to spousal violence, female victims ($42,645*3.9%)	$1,652
Annual losses to employers due to spousal violence, male victims ($67,416*2.2%)	$1,508
Monthly losses to employers due to spousal violence, female victims ($1,652/12)	$137.64
Monthly losses to employers due to spousal violence, male victims ($1,508/12)	$125.69
Number of employed female victims affected by the violence (1 incident)	34,520 ^{Table note c}
Number of employed female victims affected by the violence (2 incidents)	18,724 ^{Table note c}
Number of employed female victims affected by the violence (3+ incidents)	42,324 ^{Table note c}
Number of employed male victims affected by the violence (1 incident)	28,181 ^{Table note c}
Number of employed male victims affected by the violence (2 incidents)	16,515 ^{Table note c}
Number of employed male victims affected by the violence (3+ incidents)	21,202 ^{Table note c}
Tardiness and distraction – spousal violence against females ($137.6434,520+$137.6418,7242+$137.6442,324*6)	$44,858,528 ^{Table note d}
Tardiness and distraction – spousal violence against males ($125.6928,181+$125.6916,5152+$125.6921,202*6)	$23,682,887 ^{Table note d}
Total Losses to Employers, Tardiness and Distraction	$68,541,415

Table note a

Reeves and O'Leary-Kelly (2007). The data presented here only refers to the group of current victims of intimate partner violence.

Table note b

Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization – Main File: SEX, WGHT_PER, ACMRY, INCM, EXVIOL, CRVIOL. Respondents who reported that their main activity during the last 12 months was either “working at a paid job or business” or “maternity/paternity leave” are included (ACMYR).

Table note c

Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization – Main File: SEX, WGHT_PER ACMYR, EXABUSE, EXVIOL, PSX_Q330, SPABUSE, CRVIOL, PSP_Q330, PRANGRY, PRUPSET, PRFEARFL, PRSHOCK, PRHRTDIS, PRVICTIM, PRSLPROB, PRDEPRSS, PRASHGLT, PRAFRCHD, PRLESTEM, PRPRELAT.

Table note d

Victims with 1 victimization in the previous 12 months are assumed to experience tardiness and distraction at work for 1 month; victims with 2 victimizations are assumed to experience tardiness and distraction for 2 months; victims with 3 or more victimizations are assumed to experience tardiness and distraction for 6 months.

C.5.3 Administration Costs

Number of days absent from work, female victims, ex-spousal violence	119,326^{Table note a}
Number of days absent from work, female victims, current spousal violence	25,820^{Table note a}
Number of days absent from work, male victims, ex-spousal violence	30,929^{Table note a}
Number of days absent from work, male victims, current spousal violence	14,614^{Table note a}
Total number of days absent from work, female victims (119,326+25,820)	145,147
Total number of days absent from work, male victims (30,929+14,614)	45,543
Average hourly wage rate of managers	$37^{Table note b}
Average hourly wage rate of administrators	$22^{Table note b}
Combined hours spent on administration and rearranging tasks	0.25^{Table note c}
Administration costs for work absences – spousal violence against females ($370.25/2+$220.25/2)*145,147	$1,070,459
Administration costs for work absence – spousal violence against males ($370.25/2+$220.25/2)*45,543	$335,880
Total Losses to Employers, Administration for Work Absences	$1,406,339

Table note a

See B.3.1.

Table note b

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, Table 202-0106, Earnings of Individuals, by Selected Characteristics and National Occupational Classification (NOC-S), 2009, Annually. The average annual incomes (earnings) of managers and administrators in 2009 were $72,300 and $43,000, respectively. Hourly wage rate was calculated by dividing the annual income by 52.18 weeks per year, 5 days per week and 7.5 hours per day.

Table note c

Source: Health and Safety Executive (1999). The source assumes 0.5 hours of an “accounts and wages” clerk's time are lost for each absence of an employee, but also mentions the possibility of lost manager time for rescheduling. To ensure a lower bound estimate, this study assumes 0.25 hours of productivity are lost, split evenly between managers and administrators.

Total Losses to Employers
	Spousal Violence against Females	Spousal Violence against Males	Total
Lost Output	$6,194,356	$1,776,450	$7,970,806
Tardiness and Distraction	$44,858,528	$23,682,887	$68,541,415
Administration Costs	$1,070,459	$335,880	$1,406,339
Total Losses to Employers	$52,123,343	$25,795,217	$77,918,560

C.6 Negative Impact on Children Exposed to Spousal Violence

Initial Analysis
Number of households with children exposed to spousal violence – spousal violence against females	61,636^{Table note a}
Number of households with children exposed to spousal violence – spousal violence against males	32,996^{Table note a}
Number of couple families with children	4,164,150^{Table note b}
Number of children in couple families with children	7,638,710^{Table note b}
Number of children per couple family with children (7,638,710/4,164,150)	1.83
Number of children exposed to spousal violence – spousal violence against females (61,636*1.83)	113,064
Number of children exposed to spousal violence – spousal violence against males (32,996*1.83)	60,527
Percentage of children exposed to spousal violence developing hyperactivity	3.06%^{Table note c}
Number of children exposed to spousal violence developing hyperactivity – spousal violence against females (113,064*3.06%)	3,460
Number of children exposed to spousal violence developing hyperactivity – spousal violence against males (60,527*3.06%)	1,852
Percentage of children exposed to spousal violence developing a mental health issue (emotional disorder)	1.86%^{Table note c}
Number of children exposed to spousal violence developing a mental health issue – spousal violence against females (113,064*1.86%)	2,103
Number of children exposed to spousal violence developing a mental health issue – spousal violence against males (60,527*1.86%)	1,126
Percentage of children exposed to spousal violence developing physical aggression	22.24%^{Table note c}
Number of children exposed to spousal violence developing physical aggression – spousal violence against females (113,064*22.24%)	25,145
Number of children exposed to spousal violence developing physical aggression – spousal violence against males (60,527*22.24%)	13,461
Percentage of children exposed to spousal violence committing delinquent acts against property	12.01%^{Table note c}
Number of children exposed to spousal violence committing delinquent acts against property – spousal violence against females (113,064*12.01%)	13,579
Number of children exposed to spousal violence committing delinquent acts against property – spousal violence against males (60,527*12.01%)	7,269
Average number of years of exposure to spousal violence	7d

Table note a

Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization – Main File: SEX, WGHT_PER, EXABUSE, EXVIOL, XAI_Q210, SPABUSE, CRVIO, SAI_Q210.

Table note b

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, Table 1110022 – Family Characteristics, Families with Children, by Age of Children, Annually – V29765770: Children in Couple Families; V29765737: Couple Families with Children. There were a total of 4,164,150 couple families (with children) with 7,638,710 children in 2009. Therefore, the average number of children per couple family with children is about 1.83 (=7,638,710/4,164,150). It is assumed that this number also applies to the households in which respondents reported that their children heard or saw violent incidents.

Table note c

Sources: Dauvergne and Johnson (2001).

Table note d

Rossman, (2001). Note that as explained in the report, all the costs estimated below will be adjusted for 7 years of exposure to reflect the impact that can be appropriately attributed solely to spousal violence incidents in 2009.

Table C.1: Number of Children Exposed to Spousal Violence by Type of Negative impact and Gender of Primary Victim
Gender of the primary victim	Hyperactivity	Mental Health Issue (Emotional Disorder)	Physical Aggression	Delinquent Acts against Property
F	3,460	2,103	25,145	13,579
M	1,852	1,126	13,461	7,269

C.6.1 Medical Costs

Hyperactivity
Percentage of hyperactive children receiving medication to control symptoms	74% ^{Table note a}
Number of children who receive medication for hyperactivity due to exposure to spousal violence against females (3,460*74%)	2,560
Number of children who receive medication for hyperactivity due to exposure to spousal violence against males (1,852*74%)	1,371
Monthly cost of medication treatment for hyperactivity	$30 ^{Table note b}
Average number of months on medication	60 ^{Table note c}
Medical costs for hyperactivity – spousal violence against females (2,560$3060)	$4,608,401
Medical costs for hyperactivity – spousal violence against males (1,371$3060)	$2,467,040
Mental Health Issues
Incremental percentage of children exposed to spousal violence visiting mental health specialists	8.1% ^{Table note d}
Number of children receiving medical treatment for mental health issues due to exposure to spousal violence against females (2,103*8.1%)	170
Number of children receiving medical treatment for mental health issues due to exposure to spousal violence against males (1,126*8.1%)	91
Average mental health treatment cost per child per year, 2009	$2,731 ^{Table note e}
Average number of years of mental health treatment	1.25 ^{Table note f}
Medical costs for mental health issues – spousal violence against females (170$2,7311.25)	$581,506
Medical costs for mental health issues – spousal violence against males (91$2,7311.25)	$311,300
Medical costs for children – spousal violence against females [($4,608,401+$581,506))/7]	$741,415
Medical costs for children – spousal violence against males [($2,467,040+$311,300))/7]	$396,906
Total Negative Impacts on Children Exposed to Spousal Violence, Medical Costs	$1,138,321

Table note a

Source: LeFever et al. (2002). LeFever et al. (2002) find that 74% of their study sample of hyperactive children was taking ADHD medication at the time of their study.

Table note b

Source: eHow Health, Screening Tests for ADHD, http://www.ehow.com/facts_5028739_screening-tests-adhd.html. Numerous websites provide wide-ranging cost estimates for ADHD drug treatments. This amount ($30) is chosen as a reasonably low estimate.

Table note c

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Public Health Issues in the Treatment of ADHD. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/workshops/treatment.html. The source finds that the average medication treatment length for hyperactive children commonly increased to ten years after 1996. Following this, it is assumed that, on average, hyperactive children take medication for 5 years (60 months).

Table note d

Source: Dauvergne and Johnson (2001). According to the source, 11.5% of children who did not witness spousal violence (physical fights) and 19.6% of children who witnessed spousal violence (physical fights) visited mental health specialists at least once. Following this, it is calculated that 8.1% (=19.6%-11.5%) of child visits to mental health specialists were due to exposure to spousal violence.

Table note e

Source: Children's Mental Health Ontario (CMHO), Our Children's Mental Health: Worth an Extra 4¢ a week? 2005-2006. This CMHO presentation states that the average cost of the Ontario children's mental health system was $2,500 per child per year, equivalent to $2,731 in 2009 Canadian dollars.

Table note f

Sources: Croghan et al. (1999); Association of Psychologists of Nova Scotia, http://www.apns.ca/prob_socialphobia.html.Croghan et al. (1999) state that the average antidepressant treatment length is 4 to 9 months, while the Association of Psychologists of Nova Scotia states that the average treatment length for social anxiety is 2 years. Accordingly, a compromise of 1.25 years is used as the treatment length for mental health issues (emotional disorders).

C.6.2 Missed School Days

Hyperactivity
Number of children receiving medication for hyperactivity due to exposure to spousal violence against females	2,560 ^{Table note a}
Number of children receiving medication for hyperactivity due to exposure to spousal violence against males	1,371 ^{Table note a}
Number of children with hyperactivity not receiving medication – spousal violence against females (3,460-2,560)	900 ^{Table note a}
Number of children with hyperactivity not receiving medication – spousal violence against males (1,852-1,371)	482 ^{Table note a}
Percentage of hyperactive children on medication who miss full day doses twice per month	26% ^{Table note b}
Percentage of hyperactive children on medication who miss half day doses twice per month	22% ^{Table note b}
Number of children missing full day doses twice per month – spousal violence against females (2,560*26%)	666
Number of children missing full day doses twice per month – spousal violence against males (1,371*26%)	356
Number of children missing half day doses twice per month – spousal violence against females (2,560*22%)	563
Number of children missing half day doses twice per month – spousal violence against males (1,371*22%)	302
Number of missed school days per month,
Hyperactive children without medication	1 ^{Table note b}
Hyperactive children with medication who miss full day doses	2 ^{Table note b}
Hyperactive children with medication who miss half day doses	1 ^{Table note b}
Number of missed school days for hyperactive children – spousal violence against females ((900195)+(666295)+(56319*5))	125,735c
Number of missed school days for hyperactive children – spousal violence against males ((482195)+(356295)+(30219*5))	67,310 ^{Table note c}
Physical Aggression – Suspension
Suspension rate for children with physical aggression	11.17% ^{Table note d}
Number of children exposed to spousal violence suspended for physical aggression – spousal violence against females (25,145*11.17%)	2,808
Number of children exposed to spousal violence suspended for physical aggression – spousal violence against males (13,461*11.17%)	1,503
Average suspension length in days	10 ^{Table note e}
Number of missed school days for children due to suspension – spousal violence against females (2,808*10)	28,080
Number of missed school days for children due to suspension – spousal violence against males (1,503*10)	15,030
Physical Aggression – Expulsion
Expulsion rate for children with physical aggression	0.17% ^{Table note d}
Number of children exposed to spousal violence expelled for physical aggression – spousal violence against females (25,145*0.17%)	43
Number of children exposed to spousal violence expelled for physical aggression – spousal violence against males (13,461*0.17%)	23
Average expulsion length in days	90 ^{Table note e}
Number of missed school days for children due to expulsion – spousal violence against females (43*90)	3,870
Number of missed school days for children due to expulsion – spousal violence against males (23*90)	2,070
Total number of missed school days for children exposed to spousal violence against females (125,735+8,080+3,870)	157,685
Total number of missed school days for children exposed to spousal violence against males (67,310+15,030+2,070)	84,410
Cost of education per child per day	$40 ^{Table note f}
Costs of missed school days for children – spousal violence against females [(157,685*$40)/7]	$901,057
Costs of missed school days for children – spousal violence against males [(84,410*$40)/7]	$482,343
Total Negative Impact on Children Exposed to Spousal Violence, Missed School Days	$1,383,400

Table note a

See C.6-A and C.6.1.

Table note b

Source: Dick, Erin, and Denise Balch. 2004. ADD/ADHD and Caregiver Productivity. Benefits and Pensions Monitor Online October 2004.The source states that hyperactive children who receive medication for their condition miss, on average, one dose per half month, with 26% of missed doses occurring in the morning, 26% in the afternoon, and 22% at lunch. For simplicity of calculations, it is assumed that those children who miss a morning dose also miss an afternoon dose, with the morning and afternoon doses together constituting a full day's dose. Following this, it is assumed that students who miss a full day dose miss one full day of education and students who miss a half-day dose miss half of a school day. In addition, it is assumed that students who do not take medication have less severe hyperactivity and only miss half of a school day per half month. Therefore, children who miss a half-day dose and children who do not take medication only miss one school day per month while children who miss a full day dose miss two school days per month.

Table note c

Elementary schools and high schools in Canada run from September to June. Taking into account holidays, there is approximately 9 months of education per year. In addition, following the assertion in section C.6.1 that, on average, hyperactive children take medication for 5 years, it is assumed that children would miss doses during the entire treatment period.

Table note d

The rate of suspensions and expulsions varies widely. According to the Ontario Ministry of Education's McGuinty Government Receives Report on Safe Schools Act Review (2009), some school boards in Ontario reported a suspension rate of 0.5% in 2003/04, while other boards reported suspension rates above 36%. Some school boards reported no expulsions, while others reported expulsion rates of 2.3%. In 2007/08, the most recent year of available data, the suspension rate and the expulsion rate was 4.54% and 0.07%, respectively, for all students attending Ontario schools. Based on statistics from New Zealand (New Zealand Government, 2009, “Education Counts, Indicators”, http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/indicators/data/student-engagement-participation/3728) it is assumed that 61.5% of total suspensions and expulsions were in part due to physical aggression, where physical aggression is assumed to be present in suspensions and expulsions resulting from arson, continual disobedience, other harmful or dangerous behaviour, physical assault on students and staff, sexual harassment and misconduct, vandalism, verbal assault on students and staff, and weapons. In addition, Faris and Felmlee (2011) state that about 25% of children exhibit physically aggressive behaviour. Following this, it is estimated that the suspension rate and the expulsion rate for physically aggressive children was 11.17% (=4.54%*61.5%/25%) and 0.17% (=0.07%*61.5%/25%), respectively.

Table note e

According to the Ontario Ministry of Education's Suspension and Expulsion: What Parents Need to Know (2009), students may be suspended for a period of time ranging from one school day to 20 school days; a period of 10 days is used in this report. The expulsion length ranges from 20 school days to one year; a period of 90 days is used in this report.

Table note f

The per-child, per-day cost of education is a weighted average calculated from the financial information of six ministries of education (NB, ON, MB, SK, AB, BC).

C.6.3 Lost Future Income

Hyperactivity
Percentage of childhood hyperactivity persisting into adulthood	50% ^{Table note a}
Number of children who will experience adult ADHD due to exposure to spousal violence against females as a child (3,460*50%)	1,730
Number of children who will experience adult ADHD due to exposure to spousal violence against males as a child (1,852*50%)	926
Mental Health Issues
Percentage of childhood mental health issues continuing into adulthood when not treated	25% ^{Table note b}
Percentage of childhood mental health issues continuing into adulthood when treated	10% ^{Table note c}
Number of children whose mental health issues will persist into adulthood – spousal violence against females (17010%+(2,103-170)25%)	500
Number of children whose mental health issues will persist into adulthood – spousal violence against males (9110%+(1,126-91)25%)	268
Percentage of mental health issues that are defined as serious	13.2% ^{Table note d}
Number of children who will have serious mental health issues in adulthood – spousal violence against females (500*13.2%)	66
Number of children who will have serious mental health issues in adulthood – spousal violence against males (268*13.2%)	35
Physical Aggression – School Dropout
School dropout rate for physically aggressive children	15% ^{Table note e}
Number of aggressive children exposed to spousal violence dropping out of school – spousal violence against females (25,145*15%)	3,772
Number of aggressive children exposed to spousal violence dropping out of school – spousal violence against males (13,461*15%)	2,019
Average annual reduced earnings due to hyperactivity, 2009	$12,214 ^{Table note f}
Average annual reduced earnings due to serious mental health issues, 2009	$13,564 ^{Table note d}
Average annual reduced earnings due to school dropout, 2009	$6,558 ^{Table note g}
If all numbers of children counted under each problem are used in the estimate of lost income, there is the possibility of double or multiple counting as one child may develop more than one problem; though one child may have multiple problems and may lose lifetime income due to each problem, there is a limit to how much lifetime income one child can lose. Therefore, if one person has two problems (for example, both hyperactivity and a serious mental health issue), the person is assumed to only have the problem with the higher value of expected lost income (in this example, the serious mental health issue). As serious mental health issue is associated with the highest expected lost income, all people with a serious mental health issue are assumed as having this problem only. Therefore, as long as a person has a serious mental health issue, it is assumed that he or she will lose $13,564 a year, regardless of other problems. The next greatest expected income loss is for hyperactivity ($12,214), followed by school dropout due to physical aggression ($6,558).
Number of children having a serious mental health issue in adulthood, regardless of other problems,
Due to exposure to spousal violence against females	66
Due to exposure to spousal violence against males	35
Percentage of children with mental health issues also having hyperactivity (regardless of physical aggression)	50.16% ^{Table note h}
Number of children exposed to spousal violence having both a mental health issue and hyperactivity in adulthood – spousal violence against females (66*50.16%)	33
Number of children exposed to spousal violence having both a mental health issue and hyperactivity in adulthood – spousal violence against males (35*50.16%)	18
Number of children having hyperactivity but not a mental health issue in adulthood (regardless of school dropout),
Due to exposure to spousal violence against females (1,730-33)	1,697
Due to exposure to spousal violence against males (926-18)	908
Percentage of children having a mental health issue, hyperactivity, or both, and also dropping out of school	41.45% ^{Table note h}
Number of children having a mental health issue, hyperactivity, or both, and also dropping out of school – spousal violence against females ((66+1,697)*41.45%)	731
Number of children having a mental health issue, hyperactivity, or both, and also dropping out of school – spousal violence against males ((35+908)*41.45%)	391
Number of children, with neither a mental health issue nor hyperactivity, dropping out of school,
Due to exposure to spousal violence against females (3,772-731)	3,041
Due to exposure to spousal violence against males (2,019-391)	1,628
Average number of years for employment	25 ^{Table note i}
Lost future income for people having a serious mental health issue,
Due to exposure to spousal violence against females ($13,5646625)	$22,380,600
Due to exposure to spousal violence against males ($13,5643525)	$11,868,500
Lost future income for people having hyperactivity (no mental health issue),
Due to exposure to spousal violence against females ($12,2141,69725)	$518,178,950
Due to exposure to spousal violence against males ($12,21490825)	$277,257,800
Lost future income for people dropping out of school (no mental health issue or hyperactivity),
Due to exposure to spousal violence against females ($6,5583,04125)	$498,571,950
Due to exposure to spousal violence against males ($6,5581,62825)	$266,910,600
Lost future income of children – spousal violence against females [($22,380,600+$518,178,950+$498,571,950)/7]	$148,447,357
Lost future income of children – spousal violence against males [($11,868,500+$277,257,800+$266,910,600)/7]	$79,433,843
Total Negative Impact on Children Exposed to Spousal Violence, Lost Future Income	$227,881,200

Table note a

Source: Zametkin et al. (1990). The source notes that 40%-60% of childhood ADHD continues into adulthood; the midpoint of 50% is used in this report.

Table note b

Source: Department of Health (2010).The source states that 25% to 50% of adult mental health problems could have been avoided by receiving treatment during childhood. Therefore, it is assumed that 25% of untreated childhood mental health issues persist into adulthood.

Table note c

It is assumed that 10% of treated childhood mental health issues continue into adulthood.

Table note d

Source: Kessler et al. (2008). Kessler et al. (2008) examines the association between mental health issues and earnings. According to the source, people with a serious mental health issue represent 13.2% of all people with a mental health issue. For those study respondents with earnings, the estimated loss in earnings due to the serious mental health issue averaged $14,393, or 35.3% of the expected earnings ($40,799), where the expected earnings measure assumes that no mental health issue is present. Applying this percentage to the average Canadian earnings ($38,447), the estimated earnings loss in 2009 is obtained at approximately $13,564. Here, the average Canadian earning is based on people with at least some earnings (not necessarily from full-time employment). As there is likely a higher proportion of non-earners among people with serious mental health issues than the general population, this is an underestimate of the negative impact on the reduced earnings potential.

Table note e

Source: Statistics Canada. “Education Matters: Trends in dropout rates among the provinces.” The DailyFriday, December 16, 2005. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/051216/dq051216c-eng.htm. According to the source, the national dropout rate was 9.8% in 2004/05. It is assumed that the dropout rate is slightly higher, at 15%, for children with physical aggression. This is a conservative assumption as Cairns, Cairns and Neckerman (1989) find that 43% to 71% of students with poor academic performance and high aggression dropped out of school.

Table note f

Source: Biederman and Faraone (2006).The average annual income loss due to ADHD is estimated at $10,300 USD (using the Heckman-advanced model), equivalent to $12,214 in 2009 Canadian dollars. The Heckman-advanced model, which assumes that observed differences in educational attainment and achievement are fully attributable to ADHD demonstrates a higher annual income loss ($10,300 USD) compared with the Heckman- basic specification ($8,900 USD), which assumes that observed differences in educational attainment and achievement are not attributable to ADHD.

Return to Table note g referrer

Table note g

Source: Hankivsky (2008).Hankisvky estimates the employment loss of school dropout (high school non-completion) to be $6,552 (equivalent to $6,558 in the 2009 Canadian dollars).

Table note h

Source: Statistics Canada, NCYLS, Cycle 3: CBECS06, CBECS08, CBECS09, CWTCW01C.

Return to Table note h referrer

Table note i

It is assumed that, on average, each person has a 25 year employment. The discount rate is assumed to be the same as the inflation rate.

Return to Table note i referrer

C.6.4 Delinquent Acts against Property

Proportion of property crimes involving damaged property	93%^{Table note a}
Proportion of property crimes involving stolen property/cash	98%^{Table note b}
Number of property crimes involving damaged property, committed by children exposed to spousal violence against females (13,579*93%)	12,631
Number of property crimes involving damaged property, committed by children exposed to spousal violence against males (7,269*93%)	6,762
Number of property crimes involving stolen property/cash, committed by children exposed to spousal violence against females (13,579*98%)	13,333
Number of property crimes involving stolen property/cash, committed by children exposed to spousal violence against males (7,269*98%)	7,137
Average value of damaged property per incident of property crime	$860^{Table note a}
Average value of property/cash stolen per incident of property crime	$840^{Table note b}
Value of delinquent acts against property by children – spousal violence against females [(12,631$860+13,333$840)/7]	$3,151,769
Value of delinquent acts against property by children – spousal violence against males [(6,762$860+7,137$840)/7]	$1,687,200
Total Negative Impact on Children Exposed to Spousal Violence, Delinquent Acts against Property	$4,838,969

Total Negative Impact on Children Exposed to Spousal Violence
	Spousal Violence against Females	Spousal Violence against Males	Total
Medical Costs	$741,415	$396,906	$1,138,321
Missed School Days	$901,057	$482,343	$1,383,400
Lost Future Income	$148,447,357	$79,433,843	$227,881,200
Delinquent Acts Against Property	$3,151,769	$1,687,200	$4,838,969
Total Negative Impact on Children Exposed to Spousal Violence	$153,241,598	$82,000,292	$235,241,890

C.7 Other Government Expenditures

C.7.1 Other Federal Expenditures

Federal expenditures – spousal violence against females	$7,620,897^{Table note a}
Federal expenditures – spousal violence against males	$1,409,790^{Table note a}
Total Other Government Expenditures, Federal	$9,030,687

C.7.2 Other Provincial and Territorial Expenditures

Provincial and territorial expenditures – spousal violence against females	$88,649,352^{Table note a}
Provincial and territorial expenditures – spousal violence against males	$18,579,961^{Table note a}
Total Other Government Expenditures, Provincial and Territorial	$107,229,313

Table note a

Sources: Data requests to provincial jurisdictions; Canadian Network of Women's Shelters and Transition Houses (2011).Information was requested through the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Working Group on Family Violence. The data presented here is primarily based on information received from six jurisdictions: Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia. Limited data from Canadian Network of Women's Shelters and Transition Houses (2011) is also used. However, most provincial/territorial government expenditures are already included in other sections in the report (such as in the social service operating costs section). Therefore, the result is an underestimate of the true expenditures spent on prevention, assistance, and awareness programs in Canada.